Fucoxanthin and Rosmarinic Acid Combination Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in UVB-Exposed HaCaT Keratinocytes

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main risk factor to develop skin pathologies or cancer because it encourages oxidative condition and skin inflammation. In this sense, strategies for its prevention are currently being evaluated. Natural products such as carotenoids or polyphenols, which are abundant in the marine environment, have been used in the prevention of oxidative stress due to their demonstrated antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory activity and its implication in photo-prevention have not been extensively studied. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the combination of fucoxanthin (FX) and rosmarinic acid (RA) on cell viability, apoptosis induction, inflammasome regulation, and anti-oxidative response activation in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes. We demonstrated for the first time that the combination of FX and RA (5 µM RA plus 5 µM FX, designated as M2) improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profiles in comparison to compounds assayed individually, by reducing UVB-induced apoptosis and the consequent ROS production. Furthermore, the M2 combination modulated the inflammatory response through down-regulation of inflammasome components such as NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1, and the interleukin (IL)-1β production. In addition, Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant genes expression increased in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells pre-treated with M2. These results suggest that this combination of natural products exerts photo-protective effects by down-regulating NRLP3-inflammasome and increasing Nrf2 signalling pathway.Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa-POLFANAT-P12-AGR-430Portugal, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)-CESAM-UID/AMB/50017/2019Portugal, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)-CEECIND/04050/2017Universidad de Sevilla "V Plan Propio US-PPI2015-1.5"

Anti-inflammatory effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised biomass from a microalga in a murine recurrent colitis model

Diet and nutritional factors have emerged as possible interventions for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are characterised by chronic uncontrolled inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Microalgal species are a promising source of n-3 PUFA and derived oxylipins, which are lipid mediators with a key role in the resolution of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised biomass from Chlamydomonas debaryana on a recurrent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice model. Moderate chronic inflammation of the colon was induced in BALB/c mice by weekly intracolonic instillations of low dose of TNBS. Administration of the lyophilised microalgal biomass started 2 weeks before colitis induction and was continued throughout colitis development. Mice were killed 48 h after the last TNBS challenge. Oral administration of the microalgal biomass reduced TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation, evidenced by an inhibition of body weight loss, an improvement in colon morphology and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17. This product also down-regulated colonic expressions of inducible nitric oxide, cyclo-oxygenase 2 and NF-κB, as well as increased PPAR-γ. In addition, lyophilised microalgal biomass up-regulated the expressions of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and the target gene heme oxygenase 1. This study describes for the first time the prophylactic effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised microalgae biomass from C. debaryana in the acute phase of a recurrent TNBS-induced colitis model in mice. These findings suggest the potential use of this microalga, or derived oxylipins, as a nutraceutical in the treatment of IBD.España Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MICIIN PSE-0632/0151España MICIIN INNPACTO-IPT-2012-1370-060000

Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of microalgal carotenoids

Acute inflammation is a key component of the immune system's response to pathogens, toxic agents, or tissue injury, involving the stimulation of defense mechanisms aimed to removing pathogenic factors and restoring tissue homeostasis. However, uncontrolled acute inflammatory response may lead to chronic inflammation, which is involved in the development of many diseases, including cancer. Nowadays, the need to find new potential therapeutic compounds has raised the worldwide scientific interest to study the marine environment. Specifically, microalgae are considered rich sources of bioactive molecules, such as carotenoids, which are natural isoprenoid pigments with important beneficial effects for health due to their biological activities. Carotenoids are essential nutrients for mammals, but they are unable to synthesize them; instead, a dietary intake of these compounds is required. Carotenoids are classified as carotenes (hydrocarbon carotenoids), such as a- and |3 -carotene, and xanthophylls (oxygenate derivatives) including zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, lutein, a- and 3-cryptoxanthin, and canthaxanthin. This review summarizes the present up-to-date knowledge of the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of microalgal carotenoids both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the latest status of human studies for their potential use in prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.Universidad de Sevilla 2021/0000019

Analysis of the implementation of GESIDA quality indicators in the HIV+ cohort PSITAR

Objective: To determine the compliance of quality care indicators (GESIDA) for adult patients living with HIV infection in PSITAR cohort. Methods: Multi-center, prospective observational study. All adult naive patients, that began treatment during 2011 belonging to the PSITAR cohort, were selected. We recorded demographic data, virological parameters at baseline and 48 weeks of treatment and pharmacotherapy variables. The selected indicators were: The compliance of initial antiretroviral therapy with the Spanish national treatment guidelines (GESIDA) for treatment-naive HIV-infected patient (95%), undetectable viral load at 48 weeks (80%), treatment initiation with Abacavir without screening for HLA-B*5701 (0%), treatment modifications within the first year (<30%), adherence treatment measure (95%), study of resistance in the virologic failure (90%) and average expenditure per patient in the first treatment (GESIDA median). Results: In total 108 HIV+ naive patients were included, 83.3% men. The median age was 40.5 years (21-75). The most frequent combination was tenofovir-emtricitabineefavirenz with 61.0%. 28 patients (29.7%) modified their treatment during the first year. Focusing on indicators compliance, starting of treatment with a recommended regimen had 95.4% of compliance, undetectable viral load indicator 74.1%, treatment initiation without Abacavir test 0%, treatment modifications within the first year 25.9%, adherence treatment measure 86.3%, study of resistance in the virologic failure 80% and average expenditure per patient was 8,846 euros. Conclusion: Quality care follow up indicators were fulfilled in their vast majority. The worst accomplished indicators such as undetectable viral load at 48 weeks, evaluation of adherence and study of resistance must be study to examine the possible improvement points.Objetivos: Determinar el cumplimiento de los indicadores de calidad de la actividad asistencial GESIDA en la cohorte de pacientes VIH+ PSITAR. Método: Estudio multicéntrico prospectivo. Se seleccionaron aquellos pacientes VIH naive adulto que iniciaron tratamiento en 2011. Se recogieron variables demográficas, analíticas y farmacoterapéuticas. Los indicadores seleccionados fueron: adecuación de las pautas iniciales de TAR a las guías españolas (95%), carga viral indetectable al año de tratamiento (80%), tratamiento con abacavir sin HLA-B*5701 previo (0%), cambios de tratamiento durante el primer año (<30%), registro de la adherencia al tratamiento (95%), estudio de resistencias en el fracaso virológico (90%) y gasto medio por paciente en primer tratamiento (mediana GESIDA). Resultados: Se incluyeron 108 pacientes, de ellos el 83,3% hombres. La mediana de edad fue de 40,5 años (21-75). La combinación de inicio más frecuente fue emtricitabina-tenofovir-efavirenz (61%). El 95,4% de los pacientes iniciaron con un tratamiento considerado preferente. El 74,1% presentó carga viral plasmática indetectable a las 48 semanas. Ningún paciente inicio tratamiento con abacavir sin la determinación del HLA-B*5701. El 25,9% discontinuó el TAR en el primer año, registrándose una valoración de la adherencia en el 86,3% de los casos. El estudio de las resistencias en fallo virológico se realizó en el 80,0% de los pacientes y el gasto medio fue de 8.846 euros. Conclusiones: Los indicadores de calidad de la actividad asistencial se cumplen ampliamente. La carga viral plasmática indetectable, la valoración de la adherencia y el estudio de resistencia requieren de un mayor estudio para detectar puntos de mejora

Fucoxanthin-Containing Cream Prevents Epidermal Hyperplasia and UVB-Induced Skin Erythema in Mice

Microalgae represent a source of bio-active compounds such as carotenoids with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of fucoxanthin (FX) in both in vitro and in vivo skin models. Firstly, its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages and TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes, and its antioxidant activity in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Next, in vitro and ex vivo permeation studies were developed to determine the most suitable formulation for in vivo FX topical application. Then, we evaluated the effects of a FX-containing cream on TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia in mice, as well as on UVB-induced acute erythema in hairless mice. Our results confirmed the in vitro reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, ROS and LDH production. Since the permeation results showed that cream was the most favourable vehicle, FX-cream was elaborated. This formulation effectively ameliorated TPA-induced hyperplasia, by reducing skin edema, epidermal thickness, MPO activity and COX-2 expression. Moreover, FX-cream reduced UVB-induced erythema through down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS as well as up-regulation of HO-1 protein via Nrf-2 pathway. In conclusion, FX, administered in a topical formulation, could be a novel natural adjuvant for preventing exacerbations associated with skin inflammatory pathologies as well as protecting skin against UV radiation

Cytotoxic Activity of Microalgal-derived Oxylipins against Human Cancer Cell lines and their Impact on ATP Levels

Oxylipins are metabolites derived from lipid peroxidation. The plant oxylipin methyl jasmonate (MJ) shows cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines of various origins, with ATP-depletion being one of the mechanisms responsible for this effect. The cytotoxic activity of oxylipins (OXLs) isolated from the microalgae Chlamydomonas debaryana (13-HOTE) and Nannochloropsis gaditana (15-HEPE) was higher against UACC-62 (melanoma) than towards HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma) cells. OXLs lowered the ATP levels of HT-29 and UACC-62 cells, but the effect was higher on the second cell line, which had higher basal ATP. This result proves a link between the cytotoxicity and the capability of these compounds to deplete ATP. In addition, the combination of 13-HOTE with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced a synergistic toxicity against HT-29 cells. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of oxylipins derived from microalgae.España MINECO and FEDER (research project IPT-2011-1370- 060000

Preparation, characterization and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of epichlorohydrin-β-cyclodextrin/curcumin binary systems embedded in a pluronic® /hyaluronate hydrogel

Curcumin (Cur) is an anti-inflammatory polyphenol that can be complexed with polymeric cyclodextrin (CD) to improve solubility and bioavailability. The aim of the present work was to prepare a CurCD hydrogel to treat inflammatory skin conditions. Epichlorohydrin-β-CD (EpiβCD) was used as polymeric CD. To characterize the binary system, solid-state and in-solution studies were performed. Afterwards, an experimental design was performed to optimize the hy-drogel system. Finally, the CurEpiβCD hydrogel system was tested for anti-inflammatory activity using a HaCat psoriasis cell model. Co-grinded Cur/EpiβCD binary system showed a strong interaction and Curcumin solubility was much improved. Its combination with Pluronic® F-127/hyalu-ronate hydrogel demonstrated an improvement in release rate and Curcumin permeation. After testing its anti-inflammatory activity, the system showed a significant reduction in IL-6 levels. Hy-drogel-containing CurEpiβCD complex is a great alternative to treat topical inflammatory diseases.Junta de Andalucía CTS214, CTS65

Bioactive compounds isolated from microalgae in chronic inflammation and cancer

The risk of onset of cancer is influenced by poorly controlled chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammatory states expose these patients to a number of signals with tumorigenic effects, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins release and ROS production. In addition, the participation of inflammasomes, autophagy and sirtuins has been demonstrated in pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Chemoprevention consists in the use of drugs, vitamins, or nutritional supplements to reduce the risk of developing or having a recurrence of cancer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cáncer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cancer chemopreventive properties of substances from marine environment, including microalgae species and their products (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins). This review summarizes the main mechanisms of actions of these compounds in the chemoprevention of these cancers. These actions include suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of antimetastatic and antiangiogenic responses and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity